Control strategies – Following are control strategies :-
•Diesel retrofits (trucks, school buses, stationary engines)
•Diesel idling (trucks, trains, port equipment, etc.)
•Programs to reduce emissions from poorly maintained vehicles
•New or improved direct PM and precursor controls on stationary sources
•Year-round operation of seasonal stationary source NOx controls
•Increase use of alternative fuel, hybrid vehicles
•Buy-back programs for small engines (boats, vehicles, equipment)
•Year-round measures to reduce VMT (Commuter Choice, carpooling incentives, etc.)
•Open burning laws and better enforcement
•Programs to reduced emissions from residential wood combustion and back yard barrel burning
•Smoke management plans
•Improved monitoring techniques and more frequent monitoring on sources with control devices
PARTICULATE MATTER (a) Introduction- Particulate matter are very fine particles consisting of solid as well as liquid suspended in air. PM2.5 represents particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5mm. It has got natural as well as human sources. Natural sources include dust, volcano, forest fire, sea spray etc. Human sources are generally related to incomplete combustion and include power plants, vehicles, wood burning stores. Health effects of PM2.5 are asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, premature death etc. (b) Available Control Technology- Following are available control technologies:- 1) Monitoring occupational settings, industrial and environmental pollution, nano particle emission, ventilation system, sputter coating process. 2) Building smart respirators and asthma/allergy warning device 3) Replacing particle number counters such as optical counters and electrometers (c) Quantification of Particulate Matter- The primary PM measurement device is a thermo system inc. dust track, a fast response instrument based on light scattering. These instruments are caliberated against PM concentrations determined from filter collection followed by mass weighing. The first approach is a long term upwind downwind program measuring PM. In the second approach we measured PM directly from vehicles using instrumented vehicle with trailer. Although the measurements are somewhat erratic, the cocentration difference between the front and rare of the vehicle are significant. Emission factors are calculated assuming that the vehicle sweep out a volume based on frontal area of vehicle.
